Given space constraint, I must ignore other important topics of PKOs, such as the prospects for negotiation and mediation ( Grieg and Diehl 2005), within-mission deployment of peacekeepers ( Ruggeri, Dorussen, and Gizelis 2017), and the determinants of mission-induced cooperative events ( Dorussen and Gizelis 2013 Ruggeri, Gizelis, and Dorussen 2012). In particular, this article focuses on peacekeeping burden sharing and mission effectiveness because most of the extant literature addresses these concerns and, in so doing, considers equity and efficiency dimensions of peacekeeping. The primary purpose of this article is to take stock of what the literature teaches us about peacekeeping as a conflict resolution device. The growth of PKOs in the post–cold war era meant the generation of data on financial contributions, troop deployments, peacekeeper casualties, civilian casualties, missions’ characteristics, and the length of subsequent peace, all of which facilitate panel or time-series estimations associated with a host of hypotheses. As peacekeeping assumed enhanced prominence in addressing conflict, the Journal of Conflict Resolution ( JCR) began publishing influential articles on various aspects of peacekeeping by Bertram (1995), Bobrow and Boyer (1997), Diehl, Druckman, and Wall (1998), Khanna, Sandler, and Shimizu (1998), Lebovic (2004), Regan (1996, 2002), Ruggeri, Gizelis, and Dorussen (2012), and others. Scholarly interest in the political economy of peacekeeping expanded greatly in the last two decades as the number and complexity of PKOs and their attendant resource commitment increased (see, e.g., Bove and Elia 2011 Diehl and Druckman 2010, 2013, 2016 Dorussen and Gizelis 2013 Gaibulloev et al. Noteworthy, non-UN PKOs include the Stabilization Force (SFOR) in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Kosovo Force (KFOR), the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan, the Multinational Force-Iraq, US-led Operation Northern Watch in Iraq, an ECOWAS mission in Liberia, and an AU mission in Sudan. During the post–cold war era, there have been large- and small-scale non-UN PKOs led by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the African Union (AU), the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), and individual countries. The geographical concentration of UN PKOs changes over time, depending on the location of the world’s trouble spots. Just over 100,000, uniformed troops (85,808), police (13,200), and military observers (1,738) are deployed to these sixteen missions at an estimated cost of US$7.87 billion in the fiscal year commencing on J( UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations 2016a). Currently, there are sixteen UN PKOs with twelve in Africa and the Middle East ( UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations 2016c). Since 1948, the United Nations (UN) has been involved in seventy-one peacekeeping operations (PKOs), fifty-three of which occurred after 1990.
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